How Does Squamous Cell Carcinoma Look?

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a type of skin cancer that arises from squamous cells, which are the flat, scale-like cells found in the outer layer of the skin. It is the second most common type of skin cancer after basal cell carcinoma. SCC can occur on any part of the body, but it is most often found on areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, ears, lips, scalp, neck, hands, and arms.

1. Characteristics of Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma typically appears as a firm, red bump or a scaly patch on the skin. It may have a rough, crusted surface that can bleed easily. The size of SCC can range from a small lesion to a larger tumor. Over time, it may grow and invade surrounding tissues if left untreated.

2. Types of Squamous Cell Carcinoma

There are different types of SCC that can vary in appearance and behavior:

2.1. Actinic Keratosis

Actinic keratosis, also known as solar keratosis, is a precursor to SCC. It appears as rough, scaly patches on sun-exposed areas of the skin, such as the face, scalp, ears, and hands. These patches may be pink, red, or brown in color and can feel like sandpaper. If left untreated, actinic keratosis can progress to SCC.

2.2. Bowen’s Disease

Bowen’s disease is a type of SCC that is confined to the outermost layer of the skin. It typically appears as a red, scaly patch that grows slowly over time. Bowen’s disease is most commonly found on sun-exposed areas, but it can also occur on the genitals or other areas of the body. It is considered an early form of SCC and has a high cure rate if treated early.

2.3. Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Invasive SCC is a more advanced form of the disease that penetrates deeper into the skin layers. It can present as a raised, firm nodule or a flat, ulcerated area that may be surrounded by a border of inflammation. Invasive SCC has the potential to metastasize to other parts of the body if not treated promptly.

What is Squamous Cell Cancer? – Squamous Cell Cancer Explained [2019] [Dermatology]

Squamous Cell Cancer [Dermatology]

3. Risk Factors

Several factors can increase the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma:

3.1. Sun Exposure

Chronic sun exposure, especially without proper protection, is the primary risk factor for SCC. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds damages the DNA in skin cells and increases the likelihood of developing skin cancer.

3.2. Fair Skin

People with fair skin, light hair, and light-colored eyes are more susceptible to SCC. Their skin has less natural protection against UV radiation compared to individuals with darker skin tones.

3.3. Age

The risk of SCC increases with age, as cumulative sun exposure over time can lead to the development of cancerous cells.

3.4. Weakened Immune System

Individuals with a weakened immune system, such as organ transplant recipients or those with HIV/AIDS, have a higher risk of developing SCC.

4. Diagnosis

To diagnose squamous cell carcinoma, a dermatologist will perform a thorough examination of the skin and may perform a biopsy. During a biopsy, a small sample of the suspicious area is removed and sent to a laboratory for analysis. This helps confirm the presence of SCC and determine its characteristics.

5. Treatment

The treatment of squamous cell carcinoma depends on various factors, including the size, location, and stage of the tumor. The following treatment options may be considered:

5.1. Surgical Excision

The most common treatment for SCC is surgical excision, where the tumor and a surrounding margin of healthy tissue are removed. This procedure aims to completely remove the cancer and minimize the risk of recurrence.

5.2. Mohs Surgery

Mohs surgery is a specialized technique used for larger or high-risk SCCs. It involves removing thin layers of tissue and examining them under a microscope until no cancer cells are detected. This precise method helps preserve healthy tissue and is particularly useful for tumors in challenging locations or with ill-defined borders.

5.3. Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy may be recommended for SCCs that cannot be easily removed surgically or for cases where surgery is not feasible. It uses high-energy beams to destroy cancer cells and is often used as an adjuvant therapy after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence.

5.4. Topical Medications

For early-stage SCCs or actinic keratosis, topical medications such as creams or gels containing imiquimod or 5-fluorouracil may be prescribed. These medications help to selectively kill cancer cells on the skin’s surface.

5.5. Cryotherapy

Cryotherapy involves freezing the cancer cells with liquid nitrogen. This procedure is commonly used for small, superficial SCCs or actinic keratosis.

6. Prevention

Prevention plays a crucial role in reducing the risk of squamous cell carcinoma:

6.1. Sun Protection

Applying broad-spectrum sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 30 or higher, wearing protective clothing, and seeking shade during peak sun hours can help minimize sun damage and reduce the risk of SCC.

6.2. Regular Skin Examinations

Performing self-examinations and having regular skin checks by a dermatologist can help detect any abnormal changes in the skin early on.

6.3. Avoiding Tanning Beds

Avoiding the use of tanning beds, which emit harmful UV radiation, can significantly lower the risk of developing SCC.

6.4. Lifestyle Modifications

Adopting a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking, can contribute to overall skin health and reduce the risk of skin cancer.

Conclusion

Squamous cell carcinoma is a common type of skin cancer that can have various appearances depending on its stage and subtype. Recognizing the characteristic features of SCC is essential for early detection and timely treatment. By understanding the risk factors and taking preventive measures, individuals can significantly reduce their chances of developing squamous cell carcinoma.

Sebastian Gutierrez